How can sociologists explain the improvement in the educational performance of girls?

It is widely argued that gender influences achievement. Sociologists have noticed a difference in the level of achievement in boys and girls under sixteen. Studies show boys do not perform as well as girls in standard subjects in school, girls are now overtaking boys at a higher-level standard. Sociologists noticed this when they saw A' level results and GCSE results, however Post-16 girls tend to drop out of science and technology despite doing better than boys at GCSE. Boys' early literacy skills are markedly lower than girls. Although sociologists agree that there is a definite ‘gender gap' between males and female under sixteen, it is not just a simple case of ‘boys doing badly, girls doing well'. The relationship between gender and achievement is much more complex; problems have arose within the area of ‘the gender gap', it is not the same in all subjects – boys perform slightly better in GCSE maths than girls. It can not be applied to all levels of education, particularly university where the dropout rate is higher amongst girls; social class and gender affect it. A variety of reasons have been suggested for the difference between male and females in relation to achievement. Sociologists have attempted to explain firstly why females out perform males in most subjects under the age of sixteen and secondly why females are less likely to enter higher education (post 16 education) despite the fact that female school leavers tend to be better qualified than male ones. It has been suggested that females out perform males because of the following facts, educational policies to help girls over the past twenty years has seen attempts to improve the academic performance of girls. Coursework favours girls – course work in many subjects has helped to improve the academic standards of many girls. Girls have higher career aspirations; there is now a greater range of role models in society than in earlier years. In the 1970s Sue Sharpe wrote a book called â€Å"Just like a girl† in which she writes that most women then wanted to get married and have children. They did not see the point in staying on at school. There were very few jobs for women in the earlier years – only office jobs, nursing, teaching etc. However in today's' society womens' attitudes towards education have changed. More girls now want to attend college and university. There are a wider range of careers for women these days – fire fighters, business, design etc. The idea of marriage has become less popular. As there are more job opportunities for girls these days, they need qualifications therefore they need to work harder. There are poorer employment prospects for men in regard to the changes in the traditional male manual work. Male overconfidence in their own abilities causes unrealistic high expectations. Anti-school culture makes boys vulnerable to acting out the ‘men behaving badly' role, which in turn places little emphasis on education. Boys are more likely to not do their homework and go out with their friends, than girls. Boys find it more difficult to stay in and do their work as they might be worried that their friends will think that they are not ‘cool'. Girls tend to be more mature. Male literacy problems- it is a fact that boys read and write less than girls. Boys are more interested in their computer games where as girls are more likely to read books. This will help them with their school work. Labelling- teachers are more likely to label boys negatively and create a self-fulfilling prophecy of educational failure. Teachers more likely to think boys are more disruptive than girls therefore do not give them as much help. Therefore they are more likely to fail the subject. Also the parental expectations of their children differ, boys are expected to be tougher and more boisterous, girls tend to be quieter and neater. They are encouraged to play different games and are given different toys therefore this creates the basis for differences in interests and attitudes. Curriculum differences – there are two levels the ordinary and the hidden curriculum. Although schools have to offer girls and boys equal access to all courses, we can see that differences emerge. In the past girls were less likely to choose science or computer courses, (it has to be noted that this may not always be the case, especially in more modern times) they were more likely to take home economics, modern languages, social studies and secretarial courses, it is quite normal for ‘male' subjects of CDT to be on the timetable at the same time as the domestic science and the office skills subjects, therefore the official curriculum varies by gender. However these days girls cannot drop out of science and maths. They also take more subjects that boys would take and they have to so GCSE coursework. This helps girls because they are better organised. The hidden curriculum; this is the way that certain ideas and values of the teachers, other pupils and the wider society penetrate through the school. This is not part of the official school lessons. In the past some sociologists argued that as a result of attitudes shown by both parents and teachers girls learn to underachieve. By this they mean that sex stereotyping occurred in which teachers (and parents) knew what sorts of jobs girls do, and have been traditionally successful in, and they then gear girls to follow courses which lead to careers in these areas. It has been suggested that the main reason why girls perform differently in the educational system from boys is mainly due to the way society and the media creates ‘gender roles' which stress how males and females ought to behave. Magazines and television advertisements portray male and females in different ways making us feel that we have to act like them. There are clear gender roles expected of girls, e. g. to be feminine, to want to marry and to have children and to follow only a relatively narrow range of occupations in nursing and office work, etc. These views are strengthened by the media, which also portray women as sex symbols, nurses or housewives. Sociologists also found that girls were rarely portrayed as the central character and rarely showed initiative. Boys were far more often shown as the central character and tended to engage in more exciting activities. However girls today want independence, they do not want to be second class citizens. Leisure – When girls have time they like to gossip and have a â€Å"chat. † Therefore girls communicate better. This means that girls have better communication and educational skills than boys. In conclusion it is clear that girls are doing better but it is not the whole story because achievement affected by other factors cannot be ignored. These other factors are class and ethnicity.

The Introduction To The Public Interest Accounting Essay

Harmonizing to an online lexicon, Cambridge Business English Dictionary Public Interest can be defined asA A noun used when speaking about peoples rights to cognize the facts about a peculiar state of affairs in general concern ( beginning 1 ) . Furthermore in an accounting position, International Federation of Accountants stated it as †the net benefits derived for, and procedural asperity employed on behalf of, all society in relation to any action, determination or policy † ( beginning 2 ) . It can be concluded that it may be referred to be the chief factor when a determination is being made on behalf of the people in a society ; Sing that it can do a great impact. Furthermore, IFAC has defined the footings â€Å" Public † and â€Å" Interest † individually to clear up the extent of their duty towards the users. As IFAC is a world-wide organisation that can impact a broad scope of people, it described the public financially with â€Å" persons and groups sharing a market place for goods and services † , and non-financially with those that portion a common purpose such as fulfilling life care. This consists of investors, stakeholders, clients and Sellerss, and fundamentally all of the occupants. As for the populace ‘s involvement has been defined as â€Å" all things valued by persons and by society † ( source3 ) . It can be briefed as things that people deserve to acquire and wish to achieve. It is known that there are a batch of benefits that a society demand such as a good life status includes having a wellness attention and instruction, holding political freedom, and practically efficient fiscal markets. Mea nwhile, IFAC is considered to profit the populace in accomplishing their involvements that are related to fiscal affairs and available scarce resources, which comprises minimising economic hazards in fiscal markets and establishments, bring forthing sufficient, helpful and comprehendible fiscal and non-financial studies and really about similar that aid all interested parties in comparing in order to apportion their resources, quality scrutinizing on every degree in an organisation, sing that authorities ‘s and public sectors ‘ information and actions are crystalline to citizens, a well-structured corporate administrations and ethical directors, and excellence and wisely direction of natural resources that can spread out for farther coevalss ‘ consume ( beginning 4 ) .Current regulative environmentThe Financial Reporting Council is an independent regulator which has been established to guarantee and develop the quality of corporate administration and coverage in th e UK. It comprises of six runing organic structures, the Auditing Practices Board, the Board for Actuarial Standards, the Professional Oversight Board, the Accounting Standards Board and the Accountancy Investigation and Discipline Board, the Financial Reporting Review Panel ( beginning 6 ) . IFAC aims for a sustainable successful fiscal environment to promote shareholders to put efficaciously. They take into consideration the actions of professional accounting organic structures and actuarial profession and act independently by training them in raised instances that concerns public involvement. They assist in bettering the efficiency of audit quality and engage in the treatment for future audit market competency. Likewise, they impose criterions and codifications for comptrollers, companies and hearers. ( Source 5 ) Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 introduced in response to the major fiscal crisis such as Enron to protect the investors ‘ assurance in the fiscal market, which had been corrupted and caused a batch of losingss. ( Source 9 ) It concentrates on bettering the stability and truth revelation of fiscal statements. Basically, SOX emphasised the duty of the truthfulness of published fiscal statement on managers, and established new punishments for illegal behaviors. Sing scrutinizing subdivision, they have been concerned intensely on effectual internal control on an organisation, which can be used as a verification about the accurateness fiscal statements and figures generated. And an internal control study should be written by the managers, as a back uping papers for their assurance of the truthiness and equity of the company ‘s fiscal place. And an auditing house should take part on guaranting the adequateness of the internal controls by inspecting the company ‘s overall tech niques and policies. ( Source 8 ) . The International Federation of Accountants is a world-wide establishment which has been functioning the public involvement by beef uping the communicating of fiscal information about an entity to the users. In order to carry through strengthen, IFAC assure that international criterions are have been followed and implemented decently by accountant professions, and they can pull off to accomplish the confidence by steering them. The international criterions which IFAC support are really valuable criterions that have a great impact of practically keeping the full economic system. And IFAC is back uping four independent standard-setting boards which are International audit and confidence criterions Board ( IAASB ) , International accounting instruction criterions Board ( IaesB ) , The IAESB sets International Education Standards ( IESs ) , International moralss criterions Board for comptrollers ( IESBA ) and International Public sector accounting criterions Board ( IPSASB ) . Pointedly, IFAC stands up for the populace and talk out for them in instances, related to accounting and scrutinizing professionals, which are in public ‘s involvement. ( source10 ) The Public Interest Oversight Board is a planetary organisation created to detect and guarantee that the standard-setting boards, under the IFAC that are in the portion of A audit and moralss, instruction, and confidence, are concentrating on public involvement. PIOB had improved the quality of fiscal coverage through promoting audit profession to pattern with more transparence and dependability. Particularly after the tremendous fiscal prostrations of cardinal great companies, such as WorldCom, that weakened the public trust on the truthiness, efficiency and independence of hearers ‘ sentiment. Thus, an independent organic structure that observes the audits sentiment and sets criterions is needed for investors to do accurate determinations, increase their trust and ingurgitate them to put, and therefore the market will boom. Another advantage of holding an international organic structure guard international criterions it will assist in comparing public presentations of world-w ide houses easy. ( Source 11 )Audit qualityHarmonizing to Titman and Trueman, audit quality is a term describes the rightness and dependability of information provided by hearers to users, In other words, the capableness of hearers in observing misleading or inaccurate information in fiscal statements ( beginning 12 ) . However, IAASB states that audit quality can non be defined exactly, it changes from which position you are looking at it. In investor position, audit quality is measured by hearer ‘s repute, coverage and outlooks from their work. The better repute the higher quality is assumed in audit. In audit commission member position, the quality of audit is influenced by the quality grade of the hearer, accomplishments and experiences, the audit procedure, which method and groundss were used, and hearer ‘s interactions with others, if in a manner whether it affects his independence or does non. ( Source 13 ) The International Standards on Auditing ( ISAs ) takes a cardinal function in take parting in audit quality by puting a globally accepted benchmark. In add-on, their criterions have been improved with the aid of IAASB, which is independently carefully supervised by PIOB. ( Source 13 ) The demand of audit quality is raised from asymmetric information and struggle of involvements ( beginning 12 ) . It can be conducted that audit quality is demanded because a batch of shareholders had worthless investings for the ground that false information were recommended to them or unjust audit studies were issued. Furthermore, some hearers loss the independence, which is a primary rule for an hearer, by working for a house by supplying dishonorable sentiment merely to maintain their occupation or they have been bribed. In add-on, it can be determined from a survey that the higher audit quality consequences a higher grade of investor ‘s capableness to anticipate future net incomes ( beginning 12 ) .Audit studyAudit study should be attached with a house ‘s one-year fiscal statements to province their sentiment of the truthiness and equity, or non, of the fiscal figures ( beginning 14 ) . It could be issued by internal hearer or external hearer. The study can impact a house ‘s stakeholders, loaners and stockholders. If it was unqualified study, so more investors will be attracted to the house, stockholders ‘ assurance in directors will increase, and it will fulfill their loaners, due to enhanced public presentation, by vouching the house ‘s refund their money. Qualified sentiment could be a ground of except for, disclaimer of sentiment or inauspicious sentiment. Except for sentiment is used when there is a restriction of range, an hearer does non hold adequate grounds that can assist him in guaranting a affair. Disclaimer of sentiment is when a director refuses to give the hearer the authorization to garner information or he does non take part with him, and when an hearer misses an chance that is material to the topic being audited. And in conclusion, inauspicious sentiment is the worst because it indicates that a company is non following with the criterions, fiscal statements contain deceptive information, or affect important u ncertainnesss ( source14 ) . In order to bring forth quality audit reports the ICAEW Audit and Assurance abled to form the Audit Quality Forum in 2004. Since the addition in complexness of concern environment and the important impacts of several fiscal failures that forced the universe into recessions, they are seeking to strength the relationship and communicating between directors and managers and all participates with more transparence. Therefore, assurance will increase due to the clear uping every procedure and determination devising, which eventually will ensue with extremely dependable studies. ( Source 15 ) Till today the hearer ‘s study are under alterations in order to run into the user ‘s demand. There are two chief defects that should be extinguish or minimise in coverage, which are the outlook spread and the information spread. The outlook spread occurs when user ‘s outlook from hearer ‘s information provided in a study differs from the existent audit itself. For illustration, hearers ‘ materiality term is considered otherwise than the construct understood by the user. Besides, the audit study is conducted with general nonspecific linguistic communication that does n't demo the existent process of scrutinizing, nonsubjective investigated or to which extent the audit covers. As for the information spread â€Å" the being of a spread between the information they [ users ] believe is needed to do informed investing and fiducial determinations, and what is available to them through the entity ‘s audited fiscal statements or other publically availabl e information † ( Source 16 ) . In other words, investors think that they can establish their determination on audited fiscal statement, which reflect the organisation ‘s overall public presentation and fiscal place. However, in existent pattern there are information in an entity that are non related to scrutinize, somehow it is much utile for efficient fiscal analysing and determination devising. Therefore, in an entity fiscal study, directors should advert clearly important fiscal coverage hazard and how they are being stated, on the other side, hearers should be more crystalline about the audit carried and particularly countries concern audit hazards.Decision

Performance Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Performance Management - Essay Example Performance Management, therefore, combines various management methods that support each other in striving for improved performance in organisations. The concept of performance management and the debate over the effectiveness of performance management programmes have been of interest among human resource professionals for many years (Lawler & McDermott, 2003). As organisations seek ways to improve their competitive edge while maintaining or cutting budgets they are looking towards their human resources to provide more value for money. Performance management is seen as a key element for success in today's increasingly competitive environment (Anonymous, 2001). Indeed, a review of its theoretical foundations indicates that performance management should achieve the stated and, while there is empirical evidence to that effect, the fact remains that its implementation is problematic. Performance Management, as a management method, has three major components, each of which is based on management theories. The first component is strategic planning, involving short and long term goals and objectives, as well as defining the mission and future vision of an organisation and each of its divisions. The second component has to do with constant measurement of variables from the various parts of an organisation. The third component is feedback. The use of teamwork is emphasized in all three major components of Performance Management. The Goal Setting Theory, Total Quality Management (TQM), Reinforcement Theory, and Job Characteristic Theory are used as theoretical bases for Performance Management. The main emphasis in Performance Management is on direction, measures and feedback, to redirect and/or celebrate. Goal setting provides an important basis for management methods, such as strategic planning. Workers must know exactly what results are expected from them and receiv e feedback on actual results which are based on measurements. Strategic planning involving goal setting, both long term and short term, a plan of how to reach the goals, measurement, and feedback are the main factors in Performance Management. Proceeding from the above stated, it appears that the management theories in which Performance Management is grounded, predefine it as a successful approach to managing an organisation's workforce towards greater productivity. While numerous scholars have tended towards this opinion, the fact remains that Performance Management is a topic of controversy. If one is to objectively evaluate Performance Management, it is necessary to review the criticisms which surround it. 3 The Dilemmas of Performance Management In spite of frequently cited problems with traditional, standard performance measurement systems, most companies continue to rely upon them so this practice continues to be vital to organisations. Research at the Center for Effective Organisations suggests that performance appraisal represents the key element in the overall human resource management of an organisation (Mohrman, 1990). The judgments of

The Effects of Overfishing on Oceans Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Effects of Overfishing on Oceans - Essay Example Integrated approach in coastal and ocean resources management must be applied. The tranquility of the sea was at late 1967 and was unhurriedly being disrupted by technological interventions, accelerating and multiplying uses, and a dynamic rivalry which poised to cross the threshold of man's precious seabed (United Nations, 1998). At that time, both dangers and promises were upheld while the dangers were abundant: nuclear submarines charting or documenting deep waters which were never before explored. Supertankers ferrying oil starting Middle East to European going to other ports, then, they pass along congested straits and leaving at the rear tracking of oil spills. These resulted to the rising tensions between nations greater than conflicting claims to ocean regions and resources. Levenson in 1996 stated that ( p 100, par 2), marine resources are severely affected by a broad range of natural as well as human perturbations, such as pollutants from human effluents. Wastes can take place directly in marine waters, although it can also indirectly be transported to the sea by rivers. Several studies can support that pollutants have originated from human activities and have resulted in an extensive diversity of impacts on water quality, marine organisms and sediment quality. Moreover, poisons or toxic chemicals introduced in coastal waters would jeopardize marine life. A toxic chemical (Seger, 2006) is a substance which can cause death or unfavorable sublethal effects in marine organisms exposed to it at certain level of concentration above a critical threshold. Many substances which are considered toxic at high levels may inhibit the life and growth of marine organisms. Anthropogenic inputs of deadly substances can be absorbs safely in the oceans but the quantity introduced does not source concentrations to go beyond the threshold at which sub lethal toxicity exists.All the more, sub lethal or lethal toxicity entry concentrations are difficult to establish because they vary among substances, among species, and with other factors, like the physical stresses, synergistic as well as antagonistic ef fects of further chemical constituents. Usually, it is the marine organisms which bioaccumulate the majority of toxic essences. Bioaccumulation occurs if and when, the concentration in the organism is elevated compare to the environmental concentration; however, the concentrations are in equilibrium. On the other hand, biomagnification takes place when the organism preserves all the toxic substance from food or environment that they have been exposed to and does not remove any of the substance. Lethal substances to marine life include carcinogens, mutagens, and teratogens and can product lethal or sublethal effects. Similarly, Joint Ocean Commission Initiative ( 2009, par 2-6) reiterated that, decline of fish products will produce impacts on fishing communities and this in turn, poses a dramatic threat to people's significant cultural heritage, source of food, income, and

Annotated working Bibliography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Annotated working Bibliography - Essay Example The article (and page) is updated regularly and appears to be peer-reviewed. Dorothy Tuck McFarland is also a regular contributor to the Charters series of scholarly texts. In this article, she addresses nearly every aspect of O’Connor’s short story, including its connection to religious imagery. It is scholarly and peer-reviewed. Ioana Munteanu is a faculty member at the University of Targoviste and possesses an extensive knowledge and understanding of the work of Flannery O’Connor. This article examines numerous aspects of O’Connor’s religious perspective living in protestant Georgia and is well written and contains crucial information. Rosengarten, Richard A. â€Å"The Catholic Sophocles: Violence and Vision in Flannery O’Connor’s ‘Revelation’†. University of Chicago Divinity School, 2003. 14 June 2009. Richard A. Rosengarten is a faculty member of the University of Chicago. He has a vast knowledge of the work of Flannery O’Connor, as in this article he critically examines nearly all of her stories. It is scholarly and peer-reviewed, as is on the university homepage. Ralph C. Wood is a novelist who has written several books on the work of Flannery O’Connor. This book circles around O’Connor and her religious rivals and seeks to show the social and religious relevance of her work. It contains up-to-date information and critical insight. As the intertwining aspects of violence and religion continue to appear across America’s newspapers and our awareness of the world which currently surrounds us, O’Connor’s works tap the underlying issues plaguing many peoples since they were first

The Spanish, English, and French Styles of Conquest on North America Essay

The Spanish, English, and French Styles of Conquest on North America - Essay Example rench rule was mostly based on assimilation and spread of Christianity where many people moved to France while the French moved to nations which they colonized. Spanish imperials were different from the British imperial since they relied more on signing treaties and agreements with the residents to gain certain possessions or material wealth from certain regions. The paper attempts to outline the differences in colonial nature of British, Spanish and French in America. The French colonization process was different from that of Spain and British. The rivalry in gaining superiority among colonies led France to establish colonies in North America, India and the Caribbean. From 1830-1884, France was involved in establishing colonies in various nations especially in North America and it was accompanied by spread of Catholic religion2. First, France started trading with such countries and it would take purchased materials and manufactured items to the motherland and it also spread its language through interactions with these countries. French also ensured that the moral mission was being spread through Christianity. In 1884, Jules Ferry who was the leading colonial master declared that the superior races had a duty to civilize the lower races through assimilation. France sent large numbers of its citizens in North America and became a powerful force in the region and also in Paris3. The British was a strong force and superior colonial power since 1707 when the Kingdom of Great Britain was formed. The colony was the largest empire and it involved domination against other colonies, protectorates, colonies, territories and mandates that was administered through colonies4. The British colonies and kingdom had spread and comprised of one-fifth of world’s population and the empire covered almost quarter of the world’s total land. The British rule also dominated the Northern America The British imperial was marked by use of various approaches such as church and colonial

Parallel trade (import) in pharmaceuticals in the UK Dissertation

Parallel trade (import) in pharmaceuticals in the UK - Dissertation Example One of the most common problems of these practices is their failure to fully meet the standards related to the relevant activity. Furthermore, it seems that the willingness of the state to support business initiatives in various industrial sectors is not standardized. The above problem has resulted to the development of practices, which can help businesses to minimize the risks of loss and increase their competitiveness; parallel trade is such practice. Despite its value in increasing business performance, mostly through decreasing prices while the quality of offered products is not affected, parallel trade has been often negatively criticized as of its effects on the economy. On the other hand, there are industries more appropriate for parallel trade and others where parallel trade practices are difficult to be established. In the pharmaceutical industry of Britain, parallel import was used in order to control prices, which are already at a high level – compared to the averag e prices of similar products in other EU countries. The use of parallel trade in the pharmaceutical industry has been initially related to the reduced prices for patients; however, through the years, the specific activity has been also found to help towards ‘the reduction of costs for the social security system of the importing countries’.1 In practice, it has been proved that the use of parallel trade in the specific case did not manage to significantly support the particular industry – at least, not at the level expected by its initiators. However, important benefits were resulted for the British economy. The effects of parallel trade on the British pharmaceutical industry are examined in this paper. Emphasis is given on the policies used by the British legislators to control parallel trade regarding the pharmaceutical products and minimize relevant risks. It is concluded that parallel trade in the British pharmaceutical industry has helped the industry in incr ease its competitiveness against its rivals – referring mostly to the pharmaceutical industries of other member states; however, in terms of the performance of British pharmaceutical firms, the benefits of parallel trade are not clear, a fact indicating that additional measures need to be taken in order for the parallel trade in the specific industry to be more effectively controlled. 2. Parallel trade – description, characteristics and benefits Due to its nature, parallel import cannot be clearly defined; rather, reference could be made to its characteristics, as identified in the literature published in the particular field. In accordance with Cheng et al. (1995) the key characteristics of the parallel import are the following ones: ‘a) it relates to goods protected by trademark/ patent or copyright and b) the importer is not the rightholder of the said right but obtained and exported’.2 In terms of their legal status, parallel import goods have been cha racterized as ‘greymarket goods’, meaning that they are not fully legal;3 this issue is judged each time by reviewing the conditions of the local market but also the economic benefits to which parallel import is related in a particular market.4 In practice, this means that in countries where parallel import highly supports the national economy, its potential alignment with the law (referring to the legal status of the parallel

Assassinations in International Relations Essay

Assassinations in International Relations - Essay Example l relations. Such acts by the powerful countries need to be discussed on the parameters of the three theories of international relations, namely realism, liberalism, and constructivism (Wait 2011, par. 1). The theory of realism is based on assumptions. There are two competing branches of realism based on the assumptions about the behavior of the state, one is the neorealist theory of Kenneth Waltz and another is postclassical realism, which is not similar to Waltz neorealist theory. The impact of the theory of realism crosses the threshold to enter the non-realist theories such as liberalism, another political theory based on the positive human values such as right to freedom, favoring democratic rights. So far an exchange between the two theories has not been fruitful because the neorealist theory stresses with sureness that such an interaction would be a useless exercise. Constructivist theory was an attempt to find new means away from the theories of realism and liberalism. A cons tructivist sees the international relations as â€Å"an interactive process in which the ideas and communications among agents serve to create â€Å"structures†. These structures, in turn, influence the ideas and communications of the agents.† (Rourke 2007, 30). Seeing the height of extremism in political spheres at global scale, supporters of assassinations find nothing wrong morally to indulge in cutting the head of the dragon itself as there is no other option left using military force on the large scale by waging a prolonged war with no end result in sight. War affects the innocent; the actual culprits cannot be nabbed. The â€Å"ethical disconnect,† pervades as stated by Ralph Peters by not making a direct attack on dictators like Saddam Hussein committing atrocities on innocent people; it is devoid of ethical logic. Nonetheless, the norm against assassinations of such scale and kind have been there, which, off late, have been broken by the major super powe r, the U.S. Actually, this norm has been residing in ethical injunctions of basic moral principles in global politics getting strength from the design of international system (Thomas 2000, 106-7). Discussing the reality aspect of the norm as a concession, Thomas (2000, 123-24) states that states were against the norm to assassinate a foreign leader as it was not worth the effort. Assassination was observed as inefficient tool of foreign policy because of doubt over the success of the assassination, as leaders’ security was unassailable. Another reason of going against the norm of assassinations was not getting the desired outcomes of serving the purpose. Thomas findings on norms and practices related to international assassinations indicate how the assassination norms have shifted greatly over time. According to Thomas, it was a quite common foreign policy tool in old times, but a number of changing material factors and evolving normative principles started strong norm agains t the killing of foreign leaders because preference was given to fight of the armies on the battle ground and also because

The United Nations And the European Union Essay

The United Nations And the European Union - Essay Example This essay declares that the efficiency of EU’s counter-terrorism operations is also highly questionable. Generally, the EU doesn’t support the US concept of a ‘war on terror’ and tends to criticize the US approach as highly military driven and overactive. The EU has adopted soft approach of sanctions and political pressure. The European governments are highly worried about the consequence of their anti-terrorism policies on their Muslim population which constitutes around 16 to 21 million of overall EU’s population. This paper makes a conclusion that both the UN and EU have played a crucial role in peacekeeping operations on a global and regional level. The end of cold war is marked as the transformation period for both the organizations in terms of their peacekeeping operations and foreign policies. The emergence of global terrorism, growing intrastate conflicts, rising nuclear proliferation, transformation of global political system from unipolarity to multipolarity in recent years, globalization, and growing economic inequality are some of the major common pressures which triggered developments in both the institutions. Despite radical reformation, the UN and EU possess significant deficiencies in their structure and flaws in their policies. The effectiveness of their peacekeeping operations is rather limited. In order to preserve collective security and global peace, it is necessary for both these crucial organizations to reform their policies and adopt effective measures to conquer present flaws in their functional framework.

Early childhood play inquiry Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Early childhood play inquiry - Assignment Example According to Abbott (1994), it is not all types of play which will be beneficial to the child in terms of their early childhood development. Structured play however, as Abbot (1994) says, is able to help the child to analyse situations, investigate various materials and elements and come up with their own conclusions about the world around them. This process is very helpful to the child as it helps the child’s mental faculties to develop and in a positive way and also helps the child to interact with the world around her in a way that will increase her skills and her thinking processes Abbott (1994). In this regard, play becomes an essential part of learning and without it the child may have to take much longer before they are able to assimilate the world around them. As Abbott (1994) warns, play must be designed with the main intentions to help the child to learn rather than just having fun. According to Bruce (1996), children and adults have a lot in common with regard to how they learn. These commonalities include issues such as the learning from firsthand experience, learning through games and rules and representing their experiences through symbols such as music, drawings, drama etc. However, unlike adults, children only make sense of their experiences and what they learn through play (Bruce, 1996). This is why it is absolutely necessary for adults and especially early childhood teachers to be able to link play to the curriculum. Once they learn about this, it becomes very necessary to be able to help the child to link what she learns in theory and to the real world. In other words, to a child, the play section is like the laboratory for a high school student where they go to make sense of the theories they learn in school. The teacher therefore has to ensure that this â€Å"laboratory† is well equipped for the child to be able to explore as much as

Explain the Muslim idea of Religious Authority Essay Example for Free

Explain the Muslim idea of Religious Authority Essay Revelations are the way in which we receive knowledge of God and this is done through the Holy Books. In the Christian tradition there is an understanding that the Bible is a medium of revelation (Prepositional view), this is where the truths recorded by God are recorded, there is also an understanding that revelation is the way in which God acts with human experience through history (non-prepositional view) In Islam religious authority comes from God via the Quran through the process of tanzil. The Quran tells them about God and gives them guidance this is the book in its guidance is sure without doubt. The Sunnah and the Hadith are also sources of authority. The Sunnah, which is the life example of the Prophet Mohammad, is a source of authority because he was a wise and trustworthy man who settled tribal disputes. The Hadith is also a source of authority because Muslims look to Mohammad because he showed true obedience to Allahs commands. The Imam also has authority, the Shiites believe the Imam possess spiritual ability and divine light but the Sunnis simply see the Imam as a leader of prayer who has no superior status. The Shariah is also part of religious authority because this is the Islamic law for Muslims and it gives all the basic rules and regulations as to how human beings should live and act in a political, economic, social and collective individual spheres. The Shariah looks at family life, inheritance, marriage, food regulations and divorce for example Muslims must eat halal foods, those that have been slaughtered by the neck vein being slit and blood drained whilst the name of Allah is invoked. Muslims follow the Shariah so that they are doing what is good and right according to God and removing evil from society, which works through the process of Greater and Lesser Jihad. Greater Jihad is about establishing maruf (right) and removing munkar (evil) from yourself A Muslim learns to control his own bad desires and actions. Lesser Jihad is the struggle of the Muslim community to remove haram from society. Evil will always exist in society and a Muslim must resist this by showing true dedication to Allahs commands. In Islam Allah is the main source of religious authority and to help Muslims to show they are showing their authority towards God, Muslims believe that Allah allows evil and suffering in the world to see if they do what is right. Muslims have free will and believe that everything is pre-determined and that Allah knows the present, the past and the future of every creature but this does not mean that man has and freedom of will, its just that they have the choice to obey or disobey Allah and that this will show on the day of judgement whether they will go to Heaven/ Hell because all their actions are judged. Religious authority from the Quran is seen to govern every aspect of life for example women in Islam are seen as the most important in the family. She is the one who should keep a halal home and to make sure food and dress laws are kept. The teachings of Islam is that women should have total equality in religion and education but they can never be fully equal, for example the husband has more power but with that comes a lot of responsibilities to perform The man has full responsibility for the maintenance of his family therefore a man has more inheritance than a womens because his need is seen to be greater. Through the 5 Pillars Muslims are seen to be showing obedience to Allahs commands this is because they are a very intense and personal struggle to abide by and through reading the Quran Muslims believe that it enhances there spiritual development because it is the word of God. They believe it is the pure word of God because it is seen to be a perfect copy of a timeless document. In Islam the Quran is more important than the Bile/Torah because they where seen to be distorted to suit their believing communities and the revelations in the Quran are believed to be recorded when Mohammad received them. The other basic beliefs of Islam such as Tawhid are also seen as authority. Tawhid implies that everything is created by Allah; it is the belief in Allah with all his powers. It is a source of authority because this is one way a Muslim fulfils Allahs commands as it reveals Gods loving and caring nature. From a non-religious perspective a philosopher would look to reasoning to emphasise human freedom to make moral choices. They would argue that all of humanity relies upon their conscience to decide what is right and wrong, and for many this authority does not come from God. However from a Christian perspective this higher level of consciousness comes from God. In Islamic terms we gain our conscious awareness from Quranic teachings about Akirah which gives us focus for this temporary life on earth, from taw hid which reveals the qualities of God that we should aim to develop in our own hearts (such as love and compassion), and Al Qadr which ultimately points to a pre-determined path which only God knows about he does not dictate.

Stretching the Principles of Revenue Recognition Essay Example for Free

Stretching the Principles of Revenue Recognition Essay In the business world, not everything will work perfect to our advantage, but one thing people in the business world should always make sure to do is to be smart when making decisions. The best way to be smart on making decisions is following their own ethics as leaders. To be successful, there should not exist dishonesty, greed, or arrogance because these three factors will bring any business to failure. However many times, leaders such as CEO’s and CFO’s are faced with difficult dilemmas that put them in question of their own ethics and values, such as the following case of the CFO of venture-backed tech startup, John and CEO Ralph. John and Ralph are faced with the dilemma of whether to commit fraud for the company’s ability to stay afloat, or have trouble with gaining sufficient funding in the second round, which could mean go bankrupt and that will be the end of the company. The problem leading to such a serious dilemma is that the company had been doing really well, but recently big customers have been placing fewer orders, giving Ralph the pressure to show growth because the company is ventured-backed and the investors expect results. Ralph feeling so pressured to show growth, talked to John about recording a major order that was still under negotiation as the current quarter is ending in the next few days; â€Å"including this order would give a significant boost to the company’s financial reports.† But doing so John knows they will be committing fraud for the survival of the company, as the paper states â€Å"the Sarbanes Oxley Act requires the CEO and CFO to sign off on all quarterl y reports.† This dilemma puts John in test of his ethical standards. John is accountable to perform ethical business practice and SHOULD NOT record the major order before the deal goes through. He should tell CEO Ralph that he cannot perform fraud because it is against his ethics and morals as well as jeopardizing his reputation, and the company’s reputation as well. Doing this act can save the company but it can also lose the company. John and Ralph are leaders of the company and should always follow Ethical behavior because doing so they are acting in a way that is good and mutually beneficial for themselves and society in all. Even though they are afraid to go bankrupts, it is better to be honest and by being honest they are also following the law. It’s an illegal case, and they should both think of the negative consequences it would bring them if they sign it. By going against the law, they will not only lose the company but also their own freedom ending up in jail, similar to the Enron case. The Enron case has influenced my answer because it should teach people in the business world what being unethical causes and why no one should commit fraud because the truth always comes out. I myself am not in favor of committing fraud, and from my morals, and life rules, I will never commit it even if it will make me a millionaire over night. Many people that commit fraud the first time and don’t get caught will keep performing it over and over again making it their habit, until one day they get caught just like the case in the movie The Wolf of Wall Street, specially when it involves a lot of money, and forgets the consequences they will be faced later when they get caught. They become irresponsible and forget the effect they are causing on others. Ralph is being so irresponsible and selfish by telling John to book the order. The Enron documentary should teach every viewer that if one is going to commit fraud, it should not affects others. Ralph should know better that if John was to lie in his finance records and perform Ralph’s actions, not only John but also the company, as a whole will suffer consequences similar to the ones faced by Enron and its executives. Just like the Enron case where the CEO and the CFO both go to jail and the corporation went bankrupt would be the result of John and Ralph’s action of fraud. Following the Enron case, if I were to structure a company to avoid situations such as the one described in the hypothetical and others that have been discussed in class would be to promote better corporate culture in the company by giving seminars, bring famous speakers that have been through  unethical situations and have learned from their mistakes, have organizational in the company from the top leaders to do the right thing and be great role models to all employees, and AVOID personal issues that will do wrong to the company. Biased board of directors and have a great Human Resources program. I would create a systemic where if things are going wrong find the ethical solution to fix it without breaking the law, be ready and prepare everyone else for any changes around the company, set up a program to check everyone’s movements because as we all know, preaching ethics and excluding unethical employees is not very effective action so by controlling everyone’s moveme nts will have me in control of everything that goes around the company making sure no one is committing fraud and also making it very clear to all employees that illegal actions are not tolerated ever in the company and will have serious consequences. And finally, the measures I would implement in a company to promote ethical conduct would be Check and Balance. Use two different accounting firms to make sure the company is getting the same records in both and that there’s not fraud committed. Also change the auditors every 3 to 4 years to make sure they won’t commit fraud on the long run. I would also have every employee address the 6 questions of my company when making decisions; 1. How would the decision make me feel about myself? 2. The Golden Rule. 3. What would others think of you? 4. Is the action illegal? 5. Who is affected? To what extend? How? 6. Could the decision become a habit forming? These questions are very important because the answers will give them the right decision to make and they should know better to not cause the company any illegal dilemmas. As the leader of the company I will also never give up on preaching ethics no matter if its effective or not because it will make it clear that honesty i s very important if you are working for me. I will also show cases like Enron, and have seminars to get my point across and teach my employees the right ethics to be successful.

Infection and Immunology: A Case Study

Infection and Immunology: A Case Study The presenting symptoms for Billy DeWitt were his consecutive infections of sinusitis, otitis media and pneumonia. All of these infections were bacterial in nature and as such they were treated successfully with antibiotics. A further physical examination revealed that the child does not have palantine tonsils. This is considered a symptom as he has not had them removed at any point surgically. This implies that he was born without those particular tonsils, which may be characteristic of what is ailing Billy. The final two symptoms involve the analysis of Billys blood. The tests showed that the blood contained one-fifth what is considered the regular level for immunoglobulins and also that the concentration of B-lymphocytes was down. The blood tests also showed that the functionality of Billys T-lymphocytes was within normal limits. This means that although the some of the immune response is normal, the amount of both immunoglobulins and the B-lymphocytes in the blood serum were low. This suggests that the disease that Billy has seems to be affecting a specific part of his immune response. The inflammatory response is the bodys natural response to tissue damage. The four basic signs for this response are pain, swelling, fever, and lethargy, apathy, and a loss of appetite. There are two stages to pain. First is the acute pain that is caused when you do something such as touch a stove. Its a quick stabbing-like mechanism that tells the brain that you are doing something thats not good and gets you to stop it immediately. The latter type of pain, the type seen with inflamation, is the kind that stays for a long time. It acts as a constant reminder to take better care of the area in order for it to heal Swelling is a defensive process created by the body. The sensory nerves react to what is causing the inflamation and causes the blood vessles to become more permeable (causing redness). This causes the white blood cells to get out to where the problem is and attack any pathogens that are causeing it. Fever is caused by an increase in the hormone prostaglandin E2, which causes the hypothalmus to increase the bodys thermostat.This makes the external temperature feel colder, causing the body to go through invouluntary actions to increase body heat, such as shivering. Also, most bacteria reproduce the most at normal body temperature, so by increasing the temperature of the body, the bacteria divide less often. This is also convenient because at a higher than normal body temperature, immune cells divide faster. The root cause of the lethargy, apathy, and loss of appetite seen in someone responding from inflammation, is their fever. In order to cause a fever, the body must use up 10-13% more body heat than usual, which requires much more energy. In order to balance the energy budget, sacrifices must be made elsewhere, causing the person in which the infection is located to be more lazy and tired, because they lack energy. Inflamation and tissue Healing Sportsinjuryclinic.net. Web. 4 Feb. 2010. Quanted, Patrick. The inflammation Process. Web. 4 Feb. 2010. The body is populated by two types of lymphocytes: B- and T-lymphocytes. Both types of lymphocytes circulate through the blood and lymph and are concentrated in the spleen, lymph nodes, and other lymphoid tissues. B cells and T cells recognize antigens by means of antigen receptors embedded in their plasma membranes. A single B or T cell bears about 100,000 of these antigen receptors, and all the receptors on a single cell are identical this is, they all recognize the same epitope. In other words, each lymphocyte displays specificity for a particular epitope on an antigen and defends against that antigen or a small set of closely related antigens. T cells and B cells are the major cellular components of the adaptive immune response. T cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity whereas B cells are primarily responsible for humoral immunity (relating to antibodies). The function of T cells and B cells is to recognize specific non-self antigens, during a process known as antigen presentation. Once they have identified an invader, the cells generate specific responses that are tailored to maximally eliminate specific pathogens or pathogen infected cells. B cells respond to pathogens by producing large quantities of antibodies which then neutralize foreign objects like bacteria and viruses. In response to pathogens some T cells, called T helper cells, produce cytokines that direct the immune response while other T cells, called cytotoxic T cells, produce toxic granules that induce the death of pathogen infected cells. Following activation, B cells and T cells leave a lasting legacy of the antigens they have encountered, in the fo rm of memory cells. Throughout the lifetime of an animal these memory cells will remember each specific pathogen encountered, and are able to mount a strong response if the pathogen is detected again. Harding, CV, and L. Ramachandra. Presenting exogenous antigen to T cells. PubMed.gov. U.S. National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health, Feb. 2010. Web. 10 Feb. 2010. Lee, K, et al. In Vivo Tumor Suppression Activity by T cell-specific T-bet Restoration. PubMed.gov. U.S. National Library of Medicine National Institute of Health, 8 Feb. 2010. Web. 10 Feb. 2010. A person with deficient of B-Cell will have weak immune responses since the B cell are responsible for the primary immune response. This will lead to massive bacterial infection early in life during development. Typically respiratory infections such as pneumonia are usually the first sign of these infections. Others are skin infections; meningitis, bacteremias and abscesses are also common when there is a deficiency in B-Cell. The deficiency of B-Cell usually occurs when the child becomes 7-9 years of age. Tonsillar B-Cell is the primary type of B cell which is produced by the pansil tonsil located in the side of throat. Since Billy lacked the palatine tonsils, the onset of B-Cell problems would therefore occur much early in his life. Issam, Makhoul. Pure B-Cell Disorders. emedicine. Medscape, 4 Nov. 2009. Web. 10 Feb. 2010. Antibodies (also known as immunoglobulins, abbreviatedIg) are glycoproteins that are found in blood and other bodily fluids of vertebrates. They are used by the immune system to identify and destroy foreign objects (bacteria and viruses). Plasma cells, a kind of white blood cell produce antibodies. Antibodies have a similar structure but have a small region at the tip of them that allows millions of antibodies with different tip structures and antigen binding sites, to exist. They are Y-shaped with a binding site on each tip of the Y. This region is known as the hypervariable region. There are five classes of antibodies: IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE. IgG are the most important antibody and also the most common. Each antibody can bind to a specific antigen using its tip. An antigen is any substance that causes the immune system to produce antibodies against it. Antigens can be a foreign substance such as a bacteria, virus, chemical, toxin, or pollen.The large amount of antibodies allow s the immune system to recognize many different antigens and act accordingly. The unique part of the antigen recognized by an antibody is called anepitope. Epitopes bind with their antibody in a process calledinduced fit. This allows antibodies to identify and bind only to their specific antigen. Antibodies can also destroy targets by binding to a part of apathogenthat it needs to cause aninfection. Antibodies function in different ways designed to eliminate the antigen that caused their production. The binding occurs by noncovalent forces, like between enzymes and their substrate. These bonds include hydrogen bonds, electrostatic bonds, Van der Waals forces and hydrophobic bonds. When a foreign object enters the body for the first time the body can develop symptoms of disease. After the same antigen enters the body again the body develops an immune response to that pathogen. This is the way people avoid certain diseases such as chicken pox more than once. Antigen Presentation. Kimballs Biology Pages. N.p., 30 Aug. 2009. Web. 10 Feb. 2010. Mayer, Gene. Immunoglobulins Structure and Function. Mircrobiology and Immunology On-line. University of South Carolina School of Medicine, 6 Nov. 2009. Web. 10 Feb. 2010. Stevenson, John R. Immunoglobulin Structure and Function. MBI. N.p., 19 Sept. 2008. Web. 10 Feb. 2010. Ten months is the normal age at which babies are weaned. If this is what happened to Billy, then it explains why he was never infected before. Breastfed babies are protected by their own mothers milk. About 80 percent of the cells in a mothers milk are macrophages, which kill bacteria and viruses in the babys body. Not only that, but the mothers milk also contains antibodies for whatever disease is present in her environment. This protects the babies from many diseases such as pneumonia, staph infections, and ear infections. Weaning Billy from his mothers milk takes away the only protection from his environment that he has, because his body is incapable of fending for itself, and leaves him defenseless, which causes him to constantly get sick. Williams, Rebecca D. Breastfeeding: Best Bet for Babies. Childbirth Solutions, Inc. Web. 8 Feb. 2010. The palatine tonsils, also referred to as tonsils, are a pair of very elastic tissue masses located at the back of the throat, which is the pharynx. Each of these tonsils is made of tissue that is similar to lymph nodes covered in pink mucosa. The palatine tonsils are part of the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system fights off major and minor infections. They are the bodys defense against viruses and bacteria by creating antibodies to destroy the bacteria or virus. Medical researchers have studied that when childrens tonsils are removed, they would not suffer the loss in the future with immunity to diseases or the ability to defend off infections. In humans, tonsils vary in size and swell in response to infections. The tonsils are a common site for infections and when they are inflamed, the condition is known as tonsillitis. The surgical procedure of the removal of the tonsils is known as tonsillectomy. tonsil.Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica Online. 10 Feb. 2010 Understanding Tonsillitis the Basics. WebMD. N.p., 25 Nov. 2008. Web. 10 Feb. 2010. The fact the Billy had two uncles that died as young children suggests that they have a disease that is linked to the X chromosome. The article says nothing about the childs grandfather having any problems, which means that the disease cannot be on the Y chromosome. The mother is healthy, therefore women are the carriers of the gene and Billys mother passed it onto him. The reason that his mother does not have the disease is because women have two X chromosomes. As long as she has one healthy X chromosome she will not have the disease. The disease that we believe that Billy DeWitt has is X-linked agammaglobulinemia. This disease fits almost all of the symptoms very well. This disease is a genetic disease that is on the X chromosome and it results in the person lacking immunoglobulins because the majority of their B-lymphocytes do not develop properly. This is completely consistent with tests done on the Billys blood serum with his immunoglobulin levels and B-lymphocyte levels both being down. This disease also leaves the T-lymphocytes untouched which matches the results that said the T-lymphocytes in Billys blood were functioning properly. This diagnosis also explains why Billy had bacterial infections as a baby. B-lymphocytes are important in fighting off bacteria and because he did not have as many it makes sense that he would be much more susceptible to those types of diseases. The only thing that is slightly inconsistent is the childs lack of palatine tonsils. Symptoms of this disease include lymph nodes like t he tonsils as being extremely small because they usually house B-lymphocytes, but it does not say that any patients completely lacked palatine tonsils from the disease. It is possible that they were so small that the doctors missed them because they were so small, or it is just a coincidence that they were never there and it did nothing but augment the disease by taking away a possible place of B-lymphocyte creation. This disease cannot be completely cured because it is genetic but the symptoms can be managed. Billy needs to receive a steady supply of a mixture of immunoglobulins and antibodies for many different diseases. This will allow him to maintain his immune system at a higher level and allow him to live a pretty normal life. The only thing that really needs to be avoided is any kind of live viral vaccines. People with X-linked agammaglobulinemia tend to contract the viruses that are meant to be prevented from the vaccines because of their weakened immune systems. International Patient Organisation for Primary Immunodeficiencies. X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia. Immune Defiency Foundation, 2007. PDF file.

Adulery and Death Essay -- essays research papers

Adultery and Death   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many novels in American Literature contain the theme of the American Dream and how this dream is corrupted by the sins of adultery. In the novels Sister Carrie by Theodore Dreiser, The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne, and The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, many of the character’s ideal lives are destroyed through their desire to attain someone that they cannot be with. Through their lust and their belief that anything is attainable, the characters of Hurstwood, Dimmesdale, and Gatsby ultimately pay the price of death through their â€Å"dream†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One thing that all of these characters had in common prior to their affairs was the fact they were all respected in their society. They were not outcasts until they started reaching for an obsession that they could not possible be with.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the case of Hurstwood, his attraction was to Carrie and inevitably led to his downfall. From the first time Hurstwood laid eyes on Carrie he started to ignore his wife. Soon his wife realized that something was going on and decides to file for a divorce, hire a detective, and locked him out of their house. Since all of their property is in her name, Hurstwood was left with nothing. After being kicked out of his house, Hurstwood moved to New York City with Carrie, once there he bought part of a nearby bar. This business started to fall apart and Hurstwood was forced to start looking ...

Essay --

Microchip Implant Technology is defined as an identifying integrated circuit placed under the skin of a dog, cat, horse, parrot or other animal. The chip, about the size of a large grain of rice, uses passive RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) technology. This device may appear innocent on the surface but as we take a deeper look into the subject the demons reveal themselves. I do not feel it is necessary or ethical to track humans with this form of technology. There has been much controversy over the last decade on the subject of Implant Tracking Technology. Implantations in humans has a lot of futurists worried. In October 2004, the Food and Drug Administration approved the use of the VeriChip in humans. VeriChip is a microchip, the size of a grain of rice, which can be implanted under the skin with a simple injection. Like the bar codes on consumer products, it stores coded information that can be read with a scanner. VeriChip is among the latest versions of an existing technology: radio frequency identification chips (RFIDs) that are small enough to be implanted in human beings, but used mostly by businesses to track their inventories and shipping companies to log cargo. RFIDs are also popular among wildlife managers, farmers, and pet owners: one million chips have been implanted in pets and livestock. The idea of tracking animals does not bring a negative feeling upon me unlike implantation in humans. It is one thing to track your livestock but when it comes to tracking humans it seems like such an invasion of privacy. Many people would likely welcome these tracking devices such as those caring for people with Alzheimer’s disease or other forms of dementia, or parents worried about how well their day care center is wa... ...ers? You could be a ticking time bomb with your life in someone else’s hands. The Safe Medical Devices Act, which became a law in 1990, requires USA manufacturers of implants and medical devices, to adopt a method for identifying and tracking their products permanently implanted in humans, and to keep track of the recipients, in case malfunctions arise. Breast implants, pacemakers, replacement heart valves and prosthetic devices implanted in millions worldwide are all to be tracked. And one of the methods used to track these devices is implanting microchips which store data about the manufacturer, the surgeon, the date of implant, etc. The best way to prevent an invasion of privacy by implant tracking technology is to not receive the implant. At this point it cannot be forced. It is rumored that millions may already be carrying microchips in their body worldwide.

Timothy Leary as a Hero Essay -- essays research papers fc

The term â€Å"hero† brings to mind many ideas, many events, and many people. However, one face it generally fails to conjure is that of Timothy Leary. Dr. Leary managed to create a level of infamy few Americans have achieved since this country’s inception; he is the poster-child of the mind-altering hallucinogen LSD and has been labeled by many as the subversive leader of the counter-culture movement of the sixties. Not many people appreciate this great man’s long string of accomplishments, his devotion to scientific progress, or his cheery, irrepressible personality. It is a small circle of people indeed who would label this man a hero, but the truth is that Dr. Leary embodied the principles of courage, discovery, and benevolence, which none can deny are heroic trademarks. No man has shown more courage in the face of adversity than Timothy Leary. One great example of his valor comes from his early years as a cadet at West Point during the 1940’s. After indulging in a quantity of alcohol with some upperclassmen after a football game one evening, Leary found himself before the Cadet Honor Committee of West Point awaiting punishment. The committee decreed that he must avoid social contact of any kind, despite the fact that during his court-martial the charges brought upon him were hastily dropped. For nine months he survived this involuntary solitude, until finally the school asked him to resign because of â€Å"moral problems† that his punishment was causing. Leary agreed on the condition that his innocence would be announced in the mess hall. Two days later, he left West Point. Long afterward, after earning a doctorate in psychology and serving several professorships at prestigious institutions as Berkley and Harvard, Dr. Timothy Leary dev eloped an interest in what he would later become famous for: psychedelics. Originally his studies were sponsored by Harvard, but after drug abuse became a major target of the mass media and politicians, a national frenzy took place and LSD became a Schedule One controlled substance. Leary, intrigued by the success of previous experimentation with the chemical and undeterred by lack of mainstream support, continued his studies privately. This eventually led to conflict between him and the DEA, the Narcotics Bureau, and the CIA. As Nixon fueled propaganda against â€Å"acid† and the counter-culture movement, Timothy Leary championed LSD ... ...n to certain concepts has never wavered. I have relentlessly and faithfully pursued self-exploration, evolution, and innovation as the antidotes to terminal adulthood." No document has recorded an instance of Timothy Leary running into a burning building to save a baby. He never fought a war for his country, discovered a cure for cancer, or negotiated a treaty between two countries. But he was a hero his own right. Dr. Leary led a resistance to the tyrrany of Richard Nixon, Spiro Agnew, G. Gordon Liddy, and J. Edgar Hoover during a time when America was torn with inner conflict. His career was devoted to helping people mentally, whether they were psychiatrically ill or just in need of psychedelic inspiration. And he stood as a beacon representative of hope, freedom, and peace. Timothy Leary may not fit the conventional definition of â€Å"hero† as found in Webster’s, but to many of his and future eras, he was everything for which that four-letter word stands. BIBLIOGRAPHY: Jones, Bonsey. The Biography Project: Timothy Leary. The Biography Project. 8 Sept. 04 . Leary, Timothy; Quick Biography. Leary.com. 8 Sept. 04 . Timothy Leary Biography. American Buddha.com. 8 Sept. 04 .

The Temple of Heaven

Autqem Neter Sh. Nu Au Mu Samga History May 20, 2012 The Temple of Heaven The Temple of Heaven is located in the southern area of Beijing. Occupying an area of 273 hectares, it is three times the area of the Forbidden City. It was built in 1420 A. D. , for emperors to worship Heaven. The main buildings include the Altar or Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests, Imperial Vault of Heaven and Circular Mound Altar. In 1998, the Temple of Heaven was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List. Beginning in 2005, the Temple of Heaven underwent a 47 million Yuan (6 million USD) renovation that was completed on May 1st, 2006.The Altar or Hall of Prayer for Good Harvest, 38 meters tall and 30 meters in diameter, stands on a round foundation built with three tiers of marble stone. This large hall is under a three-story, cone-shaped glaze-tile roof in blue color crowned with a gilded knob. A circular wall of polished bricks known as the Echo Wall encloses the Imperial Vault of Heaven. The Circular Mount Altar, south to the Imperial Vault of Heaven, is where the emperor prayed to heaven. At the center lies a round stone called the Center of Heaven Stone that echoes when a visitor speaks loudly when standing on the stone.The Temple of Heaven is enclosed with a long wall. The northern part within the wall is semicircular symbolizing the heavens and the southern part is square symbolizing the earth. The northern part is higher than the southern part. This design shows that the heaven is high and the earth is low and the design reflected an ancient Chinese thought of ‘The heaven is round and the earth is square. The Temple is divided by two enclosed walls into inner part and outer part. The main buildings of the Temple lie at the south and north ends of the middle axis line of the inner part.The most magnificent buildings are The Circular Mound Altar (Yuanqiutan), Imperial Vault of Heaven (Huangqiongyu) and Hall of Prayer for Good Harvest (Qiniandian) from south to north. Also, t here are some additional buildings like Three Echo Stones and Echo Wall. Almost all of the buildings are connected by a wide bridge called Vermilion Steps Bridge (Danbiqiao) or called Sacred Way. The Circular Altar has three terraces layered with white marble. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties (1368 A. D. – 1911 A. D. ), the emperors would offer sacrifice to Heaven on the day of the Winter Solstice every year.This ceremony was to thank Heaven and hope everything would be good in the future. The picture below is of The Hall of Prayer for Good Harvest, a big palace with a round roof in three layers. Inside the Hall are 28 huge posts. Four posts along the inner circle represent four seasons-spring, summer, autumn and winter, 12 posts along the middle circle represent the 12 months; and 12 posts along the outer circle represent 12 Shichen (Shichen is a means of counting time in ancient China). The roof is covered with black, yellow and green colored glaze representing the heaven s, the earth and everything on earth.The Hall has a base named Altar for Grain Prayers which is made of three layers of white marble and has a height of six meters. The numbers 3 and 9, in particular, recur in the layout and design; these are important or ‘lucky' numbers in Chinese numerology. The number 9, being the highest value digit is associated with the emperor. Its square root, 3, has a natural occurrence in terms of beginning, middle and end. The Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests was constructed relying only on carpentry, with no nails employed. This building was commissioned by Qing dynasty emperor Qian Long (reign: 1736-1795) in 1775.

IKEA Looks to Further Penetrate the U.S. Market

Given the fancy up analysis presented in the case, what be IKEAs key competitive improvements? What strategic focal point should the company take as it looks to merely expand into the U. S. market? * IKEAs down(p) toll structure has been the very centre of attention of its success. Its belittled-cost and high- feature strategy fits with the trus twainrthy state of the economy. Offering convenience factors indoors IKEAs stores would fit well with IKEAs low cost structure. It maintains its low-cost worry model by creating a diverse furniture shopping experience.IKEA supplies customers with entirely thinkable materials needed to complete their shopping when they demean the store (that are, measuring tape, paper, pencils, catalogs, strollers, and shopping bags). Although IKEA is not set up as a traditional furniture store, the company does depart several added amenities. There is no denying that blemish go out is a key enduringness for IKEA. IKEA considers the enviro nmental impact of every whole step in its business processes by making products that are environmentally conscientious and cost-effective. * To further expand into U. S. arket, IKEA must address two key issues. The first is the overwhelming identity operator of U. S. consumers. Further expansion into the U. S. market will require IKEA to adapt its offerings and stores to local tastes. The atomic number 42 key issue is quality. Although American consumers are increasingly value-driven, they also demand quality products. Many Americans view self-assembled furniture as being lower in quality, and confusable to the types of furniture one might subvert at Walmart or Target. 2. What factor is the biggest agent for IKEAs evolution and popularity value or come across?What can IKEA do to hold out growth after it loses some hoard? * There is no denying that brand image is a key strength for IKEA. nevertheless if they have not been in a store, most people around the populace recogn ize the blue and yellow logo as a symbolic facsimile of trendy, modern, and fashionable furniture which have been found on Swedish home-based clean and efficient service. * Diversification can be a good way that IKEA does to sustain growth after it loses some cache. Product conception and market development such as IKEAs expanding goal in U. S. market.It is a risky strategy but with paying attention selection of the right kind of businesses, considerable improvements in profitability can be experienced. To try and maintain growth, IKEA is considering diversification right(prenominal) of the furniture market. 3. What strategic alternatives would you suggest IKEA mesh to further penetrate the U. S. market? * number more services to enhance customers experience, and consume a customer relationship management system to track current customers and propound with them. Keep IKEAs brand image and focus on correct attitude of stores.Expand product lines to flank the cipher line with a higher- expenditured line. Clever publicise and promotion. 4. Speculate on what will overstep at IKEA stores as they are neutered to fit local tastes. Is the companys trade-off of service for low cost sustainable in the long margin? * IKEAs management philosophy Our visual sensation is to create a better quotidian life for the many people. Our business appraisal is to offer a total swerve of well-designed, functional, home furnishing products at prices so low that as many people as possible can afford them. and all its activities is founded on its mission of offering wide variety of functional furniture for the house, of a quality and at a price affordable by a mass of people. This mission shows IKEAs competitive advantage, office strategy and trade mix. Tailoring IKEAs stores and product to local tastes will execute IKEA to change its mission, to lose its competitive advantage and to redesign its positioning strategy and marketing mix.

Retail food protection

Necessity items like milk and white bread are observed at the back of the shop to how improve the beginning of circulation.The main purpose of the national food public safety program proposed by FDA is to reduce the cases of percent foodborne diseases. These are the diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria how that occur in the food when it is stored improperly or when the expiry date is past. Though rarely dangerous, food poisoning weakens how our body and can provoke other conditions as dysbacteriosis.FDA protects us from the pathogens that may be manuscript found in food but it does logical not ban GMO or any synthetic substances in food.There is A home kitchennt an approved facility.Your data will stay so that every calendar year, you wont great need to re-enter it stored, and you may significant change it as frequently as you would like.

Additional financial resources are found on supermarkets and the grocery large stores and retail places web pages.With the rise of the good food processing industry and the beginning of industrialization, a wider vast array of food can be sold and distributed in distant places.From christ our standpoint, it is tough to label second one solution since the POS software solution for every retailer.For clarification, each individual store ought to have a poetic license using a ID that is unique.

Traditionally, general many shops have provided credit to their clients, a scientific method of payment is successful on trust in place of charge cards.Update apply Your Contact Information As a part of IFSA, its physical vital for your company to get available data and all of the institutions communications.Huge companies and other businesses in emerging markets are more inclined to create corporate social responsibility a concern.If youre interested in advancing and building your long career we welcome you to finish an wireless internet program now.

It is given a specific first time to correct the violation.A plant known as the Potato poor Tom is offered in New Zealand.In the long run, prices are anticipated to stabilize.Diabetes rates in america have quadrupled over the previous 3 decades.

Movement in Architecture

execution in com cater computer computer computer graphic formerureHow idler the architectural plaza force Experiences Which rise Our each(prenominal)iance to micturate milieu?I hold masking app bently how extraneous ciphers process the image that I ph iodin c all my original bodily mental syn thesis they ravish enquiry to it.And I withal leave how this perfect bodily twist influences immaterial images it gives moxie effect to them. Henri BergsonContentssContentss color entree operation of system in length finality fashioning In dejection reflection of social restr personal upment CriteriaIllustrationsMentionsGlossary effortThe venture or ferment of give-up the ghostling hoi polloi or things from 1 topographical smudge or repose to an opposite.architectural shopping centerThe recognise of propel d ane a building. The multiform vane of images which underpins Le Corbusiers be given, al to the highest compass point specifi fetchressy his persuasion in computer architecture as a kind of induction. 1 realizementAn nonionized sort knocked out(p) or preeminence of the capital unwashed or vehicles that app atomic number 18nt movement unitedly sub delinquentd as section of a ceremonial.ParkourThe natural process or break away of lasting quick by an country, typically in an urban milieu, negociating obstructions by running, jumping, and mounting.IntroductionThis paper insureks to query how, finished see visualiseers eject buoy incr comforter the engagers consume in the construct purlieu by means of doing and the architectural amble.Our ingr own(prenominal)ed twists atomic number 18 an inordinately right-hand(a) intentional machine and an astoundingly conglomerate forgather of technology. It has been ripe(p) and enhance finished development and we be think to travel. The milieu we con packet to call for forwards virtually this masterpiece m erits the uppermost imaginable leg of consideration. The assure we live the reenforce milieu replicates our potential and the inclination for our positive bodily organizes to travel and brood. architecture has constantly been beam of elation diagramed with enquiry in head, wh aether it is subtle or un rule out unrivalledd. This thesis aims to test and discover the master of ceremonies ship substance our replete(p) bodily structures move in spite of appearance the strengthen surroundings and aroma into how architecture and role primed(p)(p) up lawsuit or score kind-hearted motility.The central plosive speech sound of my field testament be on the formulate of museums as this bears a great sagacity into the ship throw outal worlds move and see objects in spite of appearance the reinforce environment. From the open localise to the sum of the army blank stations, museums provide a cast for benevolentkind intercommunicate in spite of appearance architecture.Motion of corpse in lengthHarmonizing to Robert Yudell the fundamental fundamental inter goion amongst the field of honor of our essential structures and the orbital cavity of our crustal plate topographic points is incessantly in gesture. Whether we atomic number 18 advised or unversed individual of this surgical operation, our constitutive(a) structures and our operations ar in eonian dialog with our buildings. The lively inter put to death of positive structure flesh and interrogative sentence with architecture deserves our minute be as originators. 2 Motion and boost has been cardinal to the readying of the strengthened environment geological dating as further stomach as ancient Egypt, Greece and papist architecture. In funny when it comes to quasi-religious or ritual illimitables. many an(prenominal) of the techniques bearingers use in fresh twenty-four hours design to advance dubiousness siderea l day of the ca sum upar month back to the methods go for in the yesteryear. For exemplar in the temple of Khons in ancient Egypt the impost of app atomic number 18nt radiation, scepter and fluctuation in layers non how forever delineate the count pocket-size notwithstanding likewise the discharge done the blank space. Architects such(prenominal) as Philip Johnson and Le Corbusier suck up study this boost or exhibit to contract to a great extent rich architecture in neo terms. by dint of progression in plans heavy(a) potent is pathetic alacritous and far than of all sentence before, solely this doubtfulness is in the main a abeyant bring conflicting the zestful architecture of Le Corbusier in previous(predicate) youngist times. Our positive structures are creation travel or propel guide in unlimited sooner than corpo genuinely traveling ourselves. In means we are authentically blether less(prenominal) dynamical performance in t he swimming and rectangular planes than of all time before. Yudell describes this as quick-frozen and aimless total structures. This construct polariates amongst the self- campaign of a thorough structure or the displaced primitive structure that is move by opposite agencies such as a vehicle or lift. We affirm on the displaced transaction of our innate structures to go greater blank space tho one whitethorn interview if we are liberation overly dependent on these methods and as such passing gambling unrestrained or disoriented from our environments as we muchover pass by dint of with(predicate) infinite by mechanised agencies.The fantast impulsion is an termination interpreter of this alienation from the cosmea and our find out of architecture about us. genius of their imaginations promised entire acquitdom of flavour on an space gridded broadcast into which we whitethorn kick agglomeratestairs up for energy, instruction or alimental shoots. This scenario merely embodies a assort self-denial of the demand for the interaction of organic structure and architecture. It provides no landmarks, no stimulation, no phases, and no Centres. 3 Changes in engine room has meant that well-nigh of these futurist thoughts deal been utilize at a littler degree. Our enquiry at bottom the build environment has fail to a greater extent(prenominal) and more soundless due to ordinances for accessibility and in few characters for gross(a) convenience. It is our business as designers to cristal to this need of interlocking and sluggish effort inside the get to environment by fixate a march that pull aheads requireion and geographical hostile despatch in our milieus.Decision do In causaLe Corbusiers post-mortem examination motif when decision was to advocate deal in the social occasion of savoir habiter , cognizing how to survive 4 and it was his fantasy that the architectural troo p would be knowing to resensitise mountain to their milieus. 5 In planing in this way of life buildings capture a serial of assures, assume imbibe with the try from the street, tract or square up and force a idiosyncratic deep down and in on a serial publication of give births in infinite. In a dash the designer live ons a typesetters case of choreographer, do infinites which remain a persons drive. It creates a dialog non merely mingled with pile and the strengthened environment precisely overly amongst archeozoic(a) lot.Le Corbusier strived to start infinites where tidy sum would be prompted to utilize their reposition, analysis, cerebrate and finally organic law of an dig of his architecture, induce them to guide their ain experience to the building, reservation something wholly new. He endeavoured to make a simulate in which peck could experience their ain lives and do their ain determinations whilst run of magnitude rattling potently precisely what that molding should be. This paradox is what makes Le Corbusiers live so interesting. It is one of the most misidentify issues of architectural convention how crumb an architect design infinites that encourage track down without curtailing the individuals free head inside the infinite. Le Corbusier tried ( non ever successfully ) to shimmer to how other throng may see his edifices and to underline the nub that edifices were considered as unfattened without tribe and their experience indoors.In a less stiff painting in Mikkel Rugaards bridle-path exercise in Denmark ( which lead offd as a Parkour breeding high society ) has act to patch to the thought of planing for immunity of doubt and look in the rein hale environment. Rugaard attempts to avouch infinites, milieus and objects in the reinforced environment to do original they become sacred and invitational towards physical natural process and drift without elastic the arc hitectural vision and esthetic value. Rugaard notes that planing for motion successfully is unproblematic barely what becomes more multifactorial and repugn is the accessory of different bulk who are go finisheding finished these infinites and how the affair of those non take leave of absence in parkour additions the complexness of design. 6 The Gugenheim Museum in untested York intentional by outspoken Lloyd Wright in 1959 is an spokesperson of a edifice that is understandably intentional with a really sustainled motion or exhibit fit(p) out indoors the edifice. The furious walk guides the visitor up through the edifice go arounding through the hearty expounding infinite. thither is no determination excogitate in this purpose exactly kinda the visitant is led in one way ether up or down through the exhibition infinite. It is my purpose to break up through caseful surveies how motion seat be achieved in a more transcendental path sooner than the forced character of heel Lloyd Wrights depart in the Guggenheim in saucy York. In a manner the authoritative disposition of the amble within the Guggenheim is differs little from the examine of motion within the futurist ideals. The visitant is non existence occupied with the architecture entirely sooner is being brought in a received controlled way.Formulation of Movement CriteriaIn order to take how motion lav be controlled in a museum puting it is undeniable to put up a measuring rod by which I exit break a catch of instance surveies. This has been in the first place unyielding by the work of Le Corbusier and the architectural plaza. He believed that the task of designers was to answer to the inner seem dialog box of the human organic structure and act upon it to originate a retort in the physical body of action. 7 Analyzing the banner he utilise central points on the ship earth-closetal in which architecture piece of tail ease this procedure and as such act as a call for motion.believe as he did that the organic structure plays a heading theatrical role in the alky up of noesis Le Corbusier real a serial publication of techniques to desegregate this procedure. Deducing from his cap of the oral cavity of centripetal experiences, beat, vividness material, manifest radiation and touch, he choreographed sequences of infinites that would commove a result at the most instinctual degree. In his early work modulating lines were utilise to study these decided messages to the head, followers this the modular expectant mannish would lend to this project. luminance and contraband would add a further degree to the order leaping of the shopping centre by vie to the edifice exploiter physiologically through the situation of symbolism.I entrust sweat to give out farther how the undermentioned sensorial factors play a bundle in innovative architecture where engineering and even the forwarding of light control can play a delegate in the design and re-create bounce of the modern promenade.Rhythms of the formScaleSoundLightColoring materialCentripetal StimulationOn a underlying degree Le Corbusiers promenade consists of a series of experiences in infinite utilizing texture distinct radiation, memory and associations which sack action but thither is a more multiform combining of these which inevitably to be examined. It is how the workout of these elements unneurotic which formulates the true promenade in his edifices. Le Corbusiers edifices can be examined from a set mathematical grouping of elements of his promenade but non all edifice can be examined with venerate to this mental synthesis ( threshold, sensify anteroom, oppugning, reorientation and windup ) thereof I expect set myself the undertake of making my ain contemplation or group of elements that will answer my exam of motion through museum infinite from past to show.It is from analyzing these sta ndards against up-to-date metaphysical accounts of museum design will help oneself my quest to make a more salty and geographic expedition promoting edifice to brisk people to travel and interact with their milieus sort of than the jolly displaced affinity we currently amaze with our environment.IllustrationsPageFigureBeginning1Cover ImageAlexander Straulino My origin Lightbox6Figure 1Produced By Writer6Figure 2Ibid6Figure 3Ibid7Figure 4My resort area Kasparworks9Figure 5Ibid9Figure 6Flavie A.Iteration fiber A( 2009 )MentionsSamuel F. Le Corbusier & A the architectural Promenade. Sheffield Birkhauser 2010Kent C. Bloomer, Charles W. Moore, Robert J. Yudell Body remembering & A Architecture. raw harbour and capital of the United Kingdom Yale University embrace 1977Le Corbusier. The Marseille Block. capital of the United Kingdom Harville 1953Menin S. & A Samuel F. reputation & A Space Aalto and Le Corbusier. capital of the United Kingdom Routledge 2003The Parkour Architect, picture, Flow-The Pakour Kommunity, 7 October 2012, viewed 31 October 2014 & lt hypertext interchange communications protocol //www.youtube.com/ imbibe? v=sLWfRzgo__4 & A NR=1 & gt

If I Were a ….

end-to-end lifespan a person experiences m either obstacles, ch al one and still(a)enges, and hardships some measure we berth of meat them al ace, afraid, and at propagation confused. However, thither everlastingly seems to be maven exclusive that we look for for guidance, for inspiration, or to precisely to keep on us from our troubles. To some they atomic number 18 hunch over as gunslingeres, just to me they argon cognise as my mum and dad, they were forever by my side in any shoes I was in and they incessantly unplowed their ruff address at heart.No theme where I was in instill, my p atomic number 18nts were forever and a day female genitals me. well-nigh noticeably in my heights school move my produce and spawn invariably poking me to my limits to secure better, simply thats exclusively the step to the fore they of all epoch had judgment of conviction to hear to my problems no point how minuet or considerable these situations where. My dad of all time shargon a time in his prehistoric where he surpassed a view standardized to exploit my mother with unfailing wisdom, braggy me advice and a homogeneous written report to polish off my path.Their stories no effect how deplorable or euphoric incessantly inspires me to exit much and take this hazard in this in to take a shit and make something of my life. These virtuosoes of exploit may not be the fairest or the coolest, just they are to me they were unceasingly smack to nurse me no proposition what. And my parents always do me in my time of required in time when they spot things to do themselves. When about race ideate of a champion they phone of their preferred pseudo or athlete. whatever specify of relatives or friends, and I ratnot entail of one person.It seems that in my life, both person I bring make in while away with has go forth an plan on me. My family, my t severallyers or that ergodic rum that smile s at me as I move polish the street, they all move over an clash. To closely pile, a supporter is someone who leaves an impact on them. condescending it be practiced to understand that everyone is a hero to me? My parents are my heros, they taught me everything and increase me to be the person I am today. When one conjectures of heroes, name calling much(prenominal) as Ghanaian, Martin Luther King, and spawn Theresa a good deal come to mind.These citizenry had do a divide of favors, courage, helps, ND to a greater extent of things for the people who indispensable them. They study miscellanea the world. But, heroes can be in anyway, counterbalance in each of individuals in the world. I strike the persons who I think is the topper hero in my mind. They are my parents. My parents are sunny they go forth do anything for my happiness. not only mine, entirely as well as their friends, and families. My founding father has legion(predicate) friends, and he alwa ys helps them whenever they guide them most. Without my parents, I likely leave alone not brave If I Were a . By nonlinearly